Higher mycophenolate dosage is associated with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma in kidney transplant recipients

BackgroundKidney transplant recipients are at increased risk of keratinocyte cancers, namely squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas (SCCs and BCCs). This is primarily due to the high levels of immunosuppression that are required to prevent allograft rejection. Different immunosuppressive medications confer different risks, and the effect of mycophenolate mofetil on SCC and BCC risk is unclear. We explored the relationship between mycophenolate dose prescribed over the entire transplant period and the risk of SCC and BCC.MethodsKidney transplant recipients from Queensland, Australia, were recruited between 2012 and 2014 and followed until mid-2016. During this time transplant recipients underwent regular skin examinations to diagnose incident SCCs and BCCs. Immunosuppressive medication regimens were obtained from hospital records, and the average mycophenolate dose/day over the entire transplantation period was calculated for each patient. Doses were divided into three ranked groups, and adjusted relative risks (RR_adj) of developing SCC and BCC tumours were calculated using negative binomial regression with the lowest dosage group as reference. Recipients who had used azathioprine previously were excluded; further sub-group analysis was performed for other immunosuppressant medications.ResultsThere were 134 kidney transplant recipients included in the study. The average age was 55, 31% were female and 69% were male. At the highest median mycophenolate dose of 1818 mg/day the SCC risk doubled (RR_adj 2.22, 95% CI 1.03–4.77) when compared to the reference group of 1038 mg/day. An increased risk persisted after accounting for ever-use of ciclosporin, ever-use of tacrolimus, and when excluding mammalian target of rapamycin users. This increased risk was mainly carried by kidney transplant recipients immunosuppressed for five or more years (RR_adj = 11.05 95% CI 2.50–48.81). In contrast, there was no significant association between BCC incidence and therapy with the highest compared with the lowest mycophenolate dosage (RR_adj = 1.27 95% CI 0.56–2.87).ConclusionHigher mycophenolate dosage is associated with increased SCCs in kidney transplant recipients, particularly those immunosuppressed for more than five years. The increased SCC risk persists after accounting for usage of other immunosuppressant medications.     

儿童肱骨髁上骨折伴神经血管损伤的治疗

目的：探讨针对伴有神经、血管损伤的儿童肱骨髁上骨折的治疗方法。方法：自2002年2月至2007年11月手术治疗闭合复位不满意的Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型肱骨髁上骨折儿童96例,男59例,女37例;年龄4～16岁,平均6.4岁。16例手术患儿出现17个神经损伤症状,桡神经损伤5例,正中神经损伤7例,其中1例伴有尺神经损伤,尺神经损伤4例;13例出现肢体远端桡动脉搏动减弱、手凉血管损伤症状。比较患肢术前、术后神经、血管恢复情况,必要时应用肌电图、多普勒超声明确诊断和指导进一步治疗。结果：96例患儿85例术后随访6～18个月,平均11个月,73例患儿切口Ⅰ愈合,12例切口Ⅱ期愈合,无感染及肘关节功能障碍。5例桡神经损伤病例中3例桡神经损伤患儿术后3个月桡神经损伤症状完全消失;1例术后3个月行桡神经探查松解术,术后5个月症状消失;1例医源性桡神经损伤解除石膏压迫3个月后神经功能完全恢复。正中神经损伤7例,其中1例伴发尺神经损伤,6例正中神经损伤患儿术后6个月神经功能完全恢复;伴有尺神经损伤的病例Ⅱ期行神经探查,术后9个月神经损伤症状消失。尺神经损伤5例,其中伴发正中神经损伤1例,尺神经损伤病例术后6个月神经症状完全消失。术前出现桡动脉搏动弱、手凉症状13例,术中未行血管探查,骨折固定后桡动脉损伤症状消失。结论：肱骨髁上骨折Ⅰ期手术过程中常规探查尺神经、正中神经和桡神经,及血管是否探查根据术前查体决定,肌电图及多普勒超声不作为术前常规检查项目。     

Seroprevalence of VZV IgG antibody in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic and meta-analysis review

BackgroundVaricella-zoster virus (VZV) is a human neurotropic virus, that becomes latent in nerve ganglia. VZV infection rarely occurs after kidney transplantation but causes severe clinical features and is associated with higher mortality rates. This study was performed to survey the reports on the seroprevalence of VZV IgG antibodies in kidney transplant recipients.Material and methodsRelevant studies were obtained by an online review of international databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google scholar), and suitable studies were selected. The NOS checklist was used for the quality assessment of the selected studies. Heterogeneity assay among the primary studies was conducted by Cochran's Q test and I² index (significance level 50%). Statistical analysis was performed using the Comprehensive Stata software (Version 14 package).ResultsSeroprevalence of VZV IgG in transplant recipients has been reported in ten studies. After combining the results of preliminary studies using a random effect model, the overall estimate of IgG positivity to VZV in transplant recipients was obtained equal to 98%.ConclusionIn this study, our results demonstrated that VZV is a prevalent infectious agent in kidney transplant recipients. A prophylactic vaccine may provide an effective strategy for preventing VZV in renal transplant recipients and also provide prophylaxis against the occurrence of post-herpetic neuralgia in immunocompetent patients.     

单纯Pemberton髋臼成形术与联合股骨粗隆下旋转缩短截骨术治疗发育性髋关节脱位

目的:回顾性比较单纯Pemberton髋臼成形术与联合股骨粗隆下旋转缩短截骨手术治疗发育性髋关节脱位的临床疗效。方法:2004年1月至2009年1月,对采用单纯Pemberton髋臼成形术或Pemberton髋臼成形术联合股骨粗隆下旋转缩短截骨手术治疗且获随访的141例发育性髋关节脱位患者的资料进行回顾性分析,其中57例采用单纯Pemberton髋臼成形术治疗(单纯髋臼成形手术组),男12例,女45例,年龄3～8岁;84例采用Pemberton髋臼成形术联合股骨粗隆下旋转缩短截骨手术治疗(联合手术组),男15例,女69例,年龄4～9岁。比较2组术后并发症及术后2年进行Severin放射学评价,并采用Mckay临床评定标准评价2组疗效。结果:单纯髋臼成形手术组患者随访30～52个月,平均38个月;联合手术组患者随访32～51个月,平均37个月。单纯髋臼成形手术组7例再脱位,4例股骨头坏死,5例关节僵硬;联合手术组无再脱位、股骨头坏死、患肢缩短,2例关节僵硬。术后2年McKay临床疗效评定结果:单纯髋臼成形手术组优27髋,良18髋,可12髋;联合手术组优52髋,良25髋,可7髋。联合手术组疗效优于单纯髋臼成形手术组。Severin X线评定标准结果:单纯髋臼成形手术组优27髋,良15髋,可15髋;联合手术组中优53髋,良22髋,可9髋。联合手术组优于单纯髋臼成形手术组。结论:与单纯髋臼成形手术相比,联合手术治疗发育性髋关节脱位在术后减少严重并发症及功能恢复方面有明显优势。联合手术组患者对术后综合结果更为满意。